An Offset Cancelation Technique for Latch Type Sense Amplifiers

An offset compensation technique for a latch type sense amplifier is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on the recalibration of the charging/discharging current of the critical nodes which are affected by the device mismatches. The circuit has been designed in a 65 nm CMOS technology with 1.2 V core transistors. The auto-calibration procedure is fully digital. Simulation results are given verifying the operation for sampling a 5 Gb/s signal dissipating only 360 uW

High output resistance current drive circuits for medical applications

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Κυκλώματα οδήγησης ρεύματος με υψηλή αντίσταση εξόδου για ιατρικές εφαρμογές

The research described in this thesis is concerned with the analysis, design and development of high output impedance current drive circuits for medical applications. These circuits are used in medical systems such as Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) imaging. The target specification for EIT was an output impedance in excess of 1MΩ at 1MHz. Several different current output circuits have been studied together with a variety of circuit techniques which increase the level of output impedance to achieve this objective. All the circuits reported here are bipolar junction transistor level implementations and have been examined using theoretical analyses, and circuit simulation using SPICE. The majority of the results of this work have been reported by the author in the technical literature.The thesis begins with a study and some initial measurements in order to determine the applicability and suitability of the SPICE transistor model parameters. This was necessary because the output impedance target means that second order effects cannot be neglected. The results of this work led to novel methods of determining rμ of the transistor, and were subsequently published by the author.The next part of the thesis focuses on a review of traditional current output circuits and a critical analysis of their performance and their suitability for medical applications. One unusual circuit, published by Baxandall and Swallow in 1966 (B&S) originally intended for audio applications, was of particular interest. These authors demonstrated that their circuit exhibited a much higher output impedance, in excess of 200MΩ over traditional current source designs. Based on this topology author of this thesis reports a novel current output drive circuit capable of achieving a low frequency output impedance in excess of 200GΩ at 1Hz.Finally, a transistor level high output impedance current drive circuit design which is ideally suited for ASIC realisation was developed and studied in detail. In this novel architecture a current sensing technique was used in a feedback loop employing an op-amp and modified configurations based on a core B&S circuit. The output impedance far exceeded the EIT specification of 1MΩ at 1MHz. This work has also been published by the author.Η έρευνα που περιγράφεται στην παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με την ανάλυση, σχεδιασμό και ανάπτυξη κυκλωμάτων πηγών ρεύματος πολύ υψηλής αντίστασης εξόδου για ιατρικές εφαρμογές. Αυτά τα κυκλώματα χρησιμοποιούνται σε ιατρικά μηχανήματα απεικόνισης, όπως ο τομογράφος ηλεκτρικής εμπέδησης (Electrical Impedance Tomograph,ΕΙΤ) . Η προδιαγραφή στόχος για ένα τέτοιο σύστημα ήταν μια σύνθετη αντίσταση εξόδου άνω του 1MΩ στο 1MHz. Διάφορα κυκλώματα πηγών ρεύματος έχουν μελετηθεί από κοινού με μια ποικιλία τεχνικών που αυξάνουν το επίπεδο της αντίστασης εξόδου για να επίτευξη του στόχου του διδακτορικού προγράμματος . Όλα τα κυκλώματα που αναφέρονται στη διατριβή αποτελούνται απο διπολικά τρανζίστορ και έχουν εξεταστεί στη βάση θεωρητικών αναλύσεων και κυκλωματικών προσομοιώσεων μέσω Η/Υ.Η πλειονότητα των αποτελεσμάτων των εργασιών αυτών, έχουν δημοσιευθεί από τον συγγραφέα στην τεχνική βιβλιογραφία.Η διατριβή ξεκινά με μια μελέτη και ορισμένες αρχικές μετρήσεις προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί η δυνατότητα εφαρμογής και η καταλληλότητα των παραμέτρων του μοντέλου SPICE του τρανζίστορ. Αυτό ήταν αναγκαίο, διότι ο στόχος για υψηλή αντίσταση εξόδου σημαίνει ότι η δευτερογενής επιδράσης πρέπει να λαμβάνονται υπόψη . Τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της εργασίας οδήγησε σε καινοτόμες μεθόδους προσδιορισμού της αντίστασης βάσης συλλέκτη, rμ, σε ένα διπολικό τρανζίστορ , και στη συνέχεια δημοσιεύθηκε από τον συγγραφέα.Το επόμενο μέρος της διατριβής επικεντρώνεται στην αναθεώρηση των παραδοσιακών κυκλωμάτων πηγών ρεύματος και μια κριτική ανάλυση των επιδόσεών τους και την καταλληλότητά τους για τις ιατρικές εφαρμογές.Τέλος, σε επίπεδο τρανζίστορ σχεδιάστηκε μια πηγή ρεύματος με υψηλή αντίσταση εξόδου ιδανική για υλοποιήση ASIC(Ολοκληρωμένου Κυκλώματος)Η πηγή ρεύματος αποτελείται απο αρχιτεκτονική ρεύματος με τεχνική ανίχνευσης και χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε ένα βρόχο ανάδρασης με ένα τελεστικό ενισχυτή καθώς η έξοδος παρέχεται απο βελτιωμένες εκδόσεις βασιζόμενες σε ένα κύκλωμα B & S (Baxandall andSwallow)Η σύνθετη αντίσταση εξόδου υπερέβησε κατά πολύ τις προδιαγραφές του διδακτορικού προγράμματος που ήταν 1MΩ σε 1ΜΗz

A Non-Invasive Photonics-Based Device for Monitoring of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Architectural/Sensorial Components & Technical Specifications

This paper proposes a new photonic-based non-invasive device for managing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) for people suffering from diabetes. DFUs are one of the main severe complications of diabetes, which may lead to major disabilities, such as foot amputation, or even to the death. The proposed device exploits hyperspectral (HSI) and thermal imaging to measure the status of an ulcer, in contrast to the current practice where invasive biopsies are often applied. In particular, these two photonic-based imaging techniques can estimate the biomarkers of oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb), through which the Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) and Tissue Oxygen Saturation (StO2) is computed. These factors are very important for the early prediction and prognosis of a DFU. The device is implemented at two editions: the in-home edition suitable for patients and the PRO (professional) edition for the medical staff. The latter is equipped with active photonic tools, such as tuneable diodes, to permit detailed diagnosis and treatment of an ulcer and its progress. The device is enriched with embedding signal processing tools for noise removal and enhancing pixel accuracy using super resolution schemes. In addition, a machine learning framework is adopted, through deep learning structures, to assist the doctors and the patients in understanding the effect of the biomarkers on DFU. The device is to be validated at large scales at three European hospitals (Charité–University Hospital in Berlin, Germany; Attikon in Athens, Greece, and Victor Babes in Timisoara, Romania) for its efficiency and performance

A non-invasive photonics-based device for monitoring of diabetic foot ulcers: Architectural/sensorial components & technical specifications

This paper proposes a new photonic-based non-invasive device for managing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) for people suffering from diabetes. DFUs are one of the main severe complications of diabetes, which may lead to major disabilities, such as foot amputation, or even to the death. The proposed device exploits hyperspectral (HSI) and thermal imaging to measure the status of an ulcer, in contrast to the current practice where invasive biopsies are often applied. In particular, these two photonic-based imaging techniques can estimate the biomarkers of oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb), through which the Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) and Tissue Oxygen Saturation (StO2) is computed. These factors are very important for the early prediction and prognosis of a DFU. The device is implemented at two editions: the in-home edition suitable for patients and the PRO (professional) edition for the medical staff. The latter is equipped with active photonic tools, such as tuneable diodes, to permit detailed diagnosis and treatment of an ulcer and its progress. The device is enriched with embedding signal processing tools for noise removal and enhancing pixel accuracy using super resolution schemes. In addition, a machine learning framework is adopted, through deep learning structures, to assist the doctors and the patients in understanding the effect of the biomarkers on DFU. The device is to be validated at large scales at three European hospitals (Charité–University Hospital in Berlin, Germany; Attikon in Athens, Greece, and Victor Babes in Timisoara, Romania) for its efficiency and performance

Building highly realistic facial modeling and animation: a survey

This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the techniques for human facial modeling and animation. The survey is carried out from two different perspectives: facial modeling, which concerns how to produce 3D face models, and facial animation, which regards how to synthesize dynamic facial expressions. To generate an individual face model, we can either perform individualization of a generic model or combine face models from an existing face collection. With respect to facial animation, we have further categorized the techniques into simulation-based, performance-driven and shape blend-based approaches. The strength and weakness of these techniques within each category are discussed, alongside with the applications of these techniques to various exploitations. In addition, a brief historical review of the technique evolution is provided. Limitations and future trend are discussed. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper